1979: Jonathan Duncan, head from the then Zamorin of Calicut, gave an account of how, from April 1788, the Muslim ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, despairing of subduing the Hindu population of Malabar by other means; these included enforced circumcision and the eating of beef first upon the Brahmans and then upon the Nayars “in the combined view of indulging his zeal as a Mohammedan, and at the same time rooting up as he fondly might imagine, the causes of that aversion which the Malabar Hindus has hitherto shewn(sic) to his government.” (Summarized from, P. Hardy, p, 79).
(P. Hardy, Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion To Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature, in Levtzion, N, Conversion To Islam, Holmes & Meir Publisher, Inc, 1979, London).
