Bengali Hindu and Kashmiri Hindu Genocide: The Macro, Meso, and Micro levels (From 1946 onwards):
Collective Action Theory of Genocide: John Hagan and Wenon Rymond-Richmond:
Collective Action Theory of Genocide:
John Hagan and Wenon Rymond-Richmond
The Macro level: The state dwells and acts while being on a piece of land. It is a piece of land that a state propagates its ideology or supports other ideologies. For example, in Kashmir we see that a supremacist Islamic ideology produced Momin-Kafir identities. These identities became the socially constructed groups. The dominant group provided the words of motive (Azadi) and neutralization. The victim became clearly defined. The dominant group motivated individuals for the religious intent to exterminate.
Meso Level: The collection of motivated individuals for religious intent to exterminate by a leader. The Government did not act and was thus supportive.
Micro level: This led to a frenzied collective action. Yelling of epithets (Ae Kafiro Ae Zalimo). It strengthened the collectivized religious intent at the meso level.
This went back to the macro level with its patterns of genocidinal environment. In total, thinking occurs at various level, collectively and individually to choose the victim and then exterminate him. Genocide begins. Collective action theory takes both collective and individual thinking during the process of genocide into consideration (Summarized from articles given by Jonoraj Institute of Genocide and Atrocity Studies, Jammu, India).
Here we see a combination of Macro/Meso/micro reasons for genocide of Bengali Hindus in 1946 (Pir Golam Sarawar was a Member of the legislative assembly, a people’s leader, and people were inspired by his fiery speech).
Note: Malaun is a derogatory word for “Hindus”; Mushkri are idolators.
Golam Sarwar started meeting with the Muslim National Guard office with about six people. In a deep thundering voice, Golam Sarwar started saying, “This nation will be Pakistan. No Malaun bastards will remain in this country. All will be forced to recite the kalima by pointing the spear at their chest. Pakistan means dar-ul-islam. Not one Mushrik (H)indu will remain. All will be circumcised. You guys have a lot of work to do. Record the names of all the (H)indus around you. Also, take note of the houses have temples and smear all the houses with cow blood. If you can break them, do so. The idols will have to be broken first. Then urinate on top of them. Marry the Hindu women and then make them read the Kalma (the five pillars of Islam). Decide who will marry whom. And decide how many will be killed.” Abu Bakr, present in the meeting said, “Whom will we finish, your honor?” In response Sarwar said, “Finish all those who resist”.
(Noakhali, By Sandip Mukherjee, translated by Rinita Mazumdar, To be available on Amazon On September 17, 2024. It is available now on Community Publishing Website.
